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Construction Material Unit Weights

Unit weights (bulk density) for common road, bridge and building construction materials. Values are approximate; always verify with local testing.

Building Materials

kg/m³

Material	Unit Weight (kg/m³)	Unit Weight (kN/m³)	lb/ft³	Common Use
Brick (common)	1,600 – 1,900	15.7 – 18.6	100 – 118	Walls, masonry
Brick (engineering)	2,000 – 2,200	19.6 – 21.6	125 – 137	Load-bearing walls
Stone (granite)	2,600 – 2,800	25.5 – 27.5	162 – 175	Cladding, masonry
Stone (limestone)	2,100 – 2,700	20.6 – 26.5	131 – 168	Facing, flooring
Stone (marble)	2,600 – 2,850	25.5 – 28.0	162 – 178	Flooring, decorative
Sandstone	2,000 – 2,400	19.6 – 23.5	125 – 150	Masonry, paving
Glass	2,500 – 2,700	24.5 – 26.5	156 – 168	Windows, facades
Plaster of Paris	800 – 1,100	7.8 – 10.8	50 – 69	Ceiling, wall finish
Gypsum board	600 – 1,000	5.9 – 9.8	37 – 62	Partition walls
Ceramic tile	1,800 – 2,200	17.7 – 21.6	112 – 137	Flooring, walls
Asbestos cement sheet	1,200 – 1,600	11.8 – 15.7	75 – 100	Roofing, cladding
Hollow concrete block	1,000 – 1,500	9.8 – 14.7	62 – 94	Partition walls
Solid concrete block	1,800 – 2,200	17.7 – 21.6	112 – 137	Load-bearing walls
AAC block	450 – 850	4.4 – 8.3	28 – 53	Lightweight walls
Fly ash brick	1,700 – 1,850	16.7 – 18.1	106 – 115	Alternative bricks

Material	Unit Weight (kg/m³)	kN/m³	lb/ft³	Notes
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)	1,440 – 1,500	14.1 – 14.7	90 – 94	Bulk density (loose)
Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)	1,300 – 1,450	12.7 – 14.2	81 – 90	Lower than OPC
Rapid Hardening Cement	1,450 – 1,550	14.2 – 15.2	90 – 97	Early strength
Low Heat Cement	1,400 – 1,500	13.7 – 14.7	87 – 94	Mass concrete
Sulphate Resisting Cement	1,420 – 1,520	13.9 – 14.9	89 – 95	Marine / aggressive
White Cement	1,400 – 1,500	13.7 – 14.7	87 – 94	Decorative works
Plain Cement Concrete (PCC)	2,200 – 2,400	21.6 – 23.5	137 – 150	1:2:4 to 1:4:8 mix
Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC)	2,400 – 2,500	23.5 – 24.5	150 – 156	With steel reinforcement
Lightweight Concrete	1,400 – 1,800	13.7 – 17.7	87 – 112	LECA, pumice, etc.
Heavyweight Concrete	2,800 – 6,000	27.5 – 58.9	175 – 375	Barite, magnetite, etc.
Cellular Concrete (aerated)	300 – 1,000	2.9 – 9.8	19 – 62	Thermal insulation
No-fines Concrete	1,600 – 1,900	15.7 – 18.6	100 – 118	Permeable concrete
Shotcrete / Gunite	2,200 – 2,400	21.6 – 23.5	137 – 150	Sprayed concrete
Prestressed Concrete	2,400 – 2,500	23.5 – 24.5	150 – 156	High-strength concrete
Fresh Concrete (wet)	2,300 – 2,500	22.6 – 24.5	144 – 156	Before setting
Hardened Concrete	2,200 – 2,400	21.6 – 23.5	137 – 150	After curing
Cement Mortar (1:3)	2,000 – 2,200	19.6 – 21.6	125 – 137	Plastering, bedding
Lime Mortar	1,600 – 1,800	15.7 – 17.7	100 – 112	Historic / soft masonry
Masonry Cement	1,300 – 1,500	12.7 – 14.7	81 – 94	Mortar applications

Material	Unit Weight (kg/m³)	kN/m³	lb/ft³	Common Use
Mild Steel	7,850	77.0	490	Reinforcement, structural
Stainless Steel	7,800 – 8,000	76.5 – 78.5	487 – 499	Corrosion resistance
High Tensile Steel	7,850	77.0	490	Prestressing, high-strength
Structural Steel sections	7,850	77.0	490	Beams, columns, trusses
Steel plate	7,850	77.0	490	Decking, connections
Galvanized Steel	7,800 – 7,900	76.5 – 77.5	487 – 493	Roofing, guardrails
Cast Iron	7,100 – 7,400	69.6 – 72.6	443 – 462	Pipes, manhole covers
Wrought Iron	7,700 – 7,900	75.5 – 77.5	480 – 493	Ornamental, old structures
Aluminium	2,700	26.5	168	Facade, lightweight structures
Aluminium alloy	2,600 – 2,800	25.5 – 27.5	162 – 175	Windows, cladding
Copper	8,900 – 9,000	87.3 – 88.3	556 – 562	Electrical, roofing
Brass	8,400 – 8,700	82.4 – 85.3	524 – 543	Fittings, decorative
Bronze	8,700 – 8,900	85.3 – 87.3	543 – 556	Bearings, sculptures
Lead	11,300 – 11,400	110.8 – 111.8	705 – 711	Radiation shielding
Zinc	7,100 – 7,200	69.6 – 70.6	443 – 449	Galvanizing
Tin	7,300	71.6	456	Solder, coating
Nickel	8,900	87.3	556	Alloys, plating
Titanium	4,500	44.1	281	Specialized structures

Aggregate, Soil & Filler Materials

kg/m³

Material	Unit Weight (kg/m³)	kN/m³	lb/ft³	Notes
Stone aggregate (20 mm)	1,500 – 1,700	14.7 – 16.7	94 – 106	Loose bulk density
Stone aggregate (10 mm)	1,550 – 1,750	15.2 – 17.2	97 – 109	Loose bulk density
Crushed stone (dense graded)	1,600 – 1,900	15.7 – 18.6	100 – 118	Base / sub-base
River Sand (dry)	1,500 – 1,700	14.7 – 16.7	94 – 106	Loose
River Sand (moist)	1,700 – 1,900	16.7 – 18.6	106 – 118	5–10% moisture
Crushed Sand (M-Sand)	1,600 – 1,800	15.7 – 17.7	100 – 112	Manufactured sand
Gravel	1,400 – 1,700	13.7 – 16.7	87 – 106	Loose bulk
Pea Gravel	1,500 – 1,650	14.7 – 16.2	94 – 103	Drainage, landscaping
Ballast	1,600 – 1,800	15.7 – 17.7	100 – 112	Railway / road base
Shingle	1,500 – 1,700	14.7 – 16.7	94 – 106	Coarse aggregate
Clay (dry)	1,600 – 1,800	15.7 – 17.7	100 – 112	Excavation
Clay (wet)	1,900 – 2,100	18.6 – 20.6	118 – 131	Saturated
Silt	1,800 – 2,100	17.7 – 20.6	112 – 131	Fine-grained soil
Loam	1,250 – 1,600	12.3 – 15.7	78 – 100	Agricultural / fill
Topsoil	1,200 – 1,500	11.8 – 14.7	75 – 94	Landscaping
Fill soil (compacted)	1,800 – 2,100	17.7 – 20.6	112 – 131	Embankment
Excavated soil	1,400 – 1,700	13.7 – 16.7	87 – 106	Loose excavated
Rock (blasted)	1,500 – 1,800	14.7 – 17.7	94 – 112	Riprap, fill
Fly ash	900 – 1,200	8.8 – 11.8	56 – 75	Pozzolanic additive
Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)	1,100 – 1,400	10.8 – 13.7	69 – 87	Cement replacement
Silica Fume	200 – 300	2.0 – 2.9	12 – 19	Microsilica additive
Rice Husk Ash	600 – 900	5.9 – 8.8	37 – 56	Pozzolanic material
Expanded Clay (LECA)	250 – 450	2.5 – 4.4	16 – 28	Lightweight aggregate
Vermiculite	60 – 130	0.6 – 1.3	4 – 8	Insulation
Perlite	30 – 150	0.3 – 1.5	2 – 9	Insulation

Road, Bridge & Pavement Materials

kg/m³

Material	Unit Weight (kg/m³)	kN/m³	lb/ft³	Application
Asphalt / Bitumen (solid)	1,000 – 1,100	9.8 – 10.8	62 – 69	Binder
Cutback Bitumen	950 – 1,050	9.3 – 10.3	59 – 66	Prime / tack coat
Emulsified Bitumen	1,000 – 1,050	9.8 – 10.3	62 – 66	Cold mix, surface dressing
Dense Bitumen Macadam (DBM)	2,300 – 2,450	22.6 – 24.0	144 – 153	Road base / binder course
Asphalt Concrete (AC)	2,300 – 2,500	22.6 – 24.5	144 – 156	Wearing course
Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA)	2,400 – 2,550	23.5 – 25.0	150 – 159	High-performance surfacing
Porous Asphalt	1,900 – 2,200	18.6 – 21.6	118 – 137	Drainage layer
Bituminous Macadam (BM)	2,200 – 2,400	21.6 – 23.5	137 – 150	Base course
Road base (crushed stone)	2,200 – 2,400	21.6 – 23.5	137 – 150	Granular base
Sub-base (GSB)	1,900 – 2,200	18.6 – 21.6	118 – 137	Granular sub-base
Wet Mix Macadam (WMM)	2,100 – 2,300	20.6 – 22.6	131 – 144	Road sub-base
Water Bound Macadam (WBM)	2,200 – 2,400	21.6 – 23.5	137 – 150	Base / sub-base
Riprap (rock armour)	1,600 – 2,000	15.7 – 19.6	100 – 125	Bridge protection, revetment
Gabion rock fill	1,500 – 1,800	14.7 – 17.7	94 – 112	Retaining walls, scour
Bridge deck concrete	2,400 – 2,500	23.5 – 24.5	150 – 156	Deck slab, beams
Prestressed bridge girder concrete	2,400 – 2,500	23.5 – 24.5	150 – 156	High-strength girders
Bridge bearing pad (neoprene)	1,100 – 1,300	10.8 – 12.7	69 – 81	Elastomeric bearings
Expansion joint filler	50 – 100	0.5 – 1.0	3 – 6	Bitumen-impregnated board
Geofoam (EPS)	15 – 30	0.15 – 0.29	0.9 – 1.9	Lightweight fill, slope
Geotextile (woven)	150 – 400	1.5 – 3.9	9 – 25	Separation, filtration
Geogrid	400 – 900	3.9 – 8.8	25 – 56	Reinforcement
Soil Cement	1,700 – 2,000	16.7 – 19.6	106 – 125	Stabilized subgrade
Lime Stabilized Soil	1,600 – 1,900	15.7 – 18.6	100 – 118	Subgrade improvement
Cement Treated Base (CTB)	2,000 – 2,300	19.6 – 22.6	125 – 144	Pavement base
Lean Concrete Sub-base	2,100 – 2,300	20.6 – 22.6	131 – 144	Road sub-base
Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen (CRMB)	1,000 – 1,100	9.8 – 10.8	62 – 69	Modified binder
Polymer Modified Bitumen (PMB)	1,000 – 1,050	9.8 – 10.3	62 – 66	High-performance binder
Tack Coat (emulsion)	1,000 – 1,100	9.8 – 10.8	62 – 69	Interface bonding
Prime Coat (cutback)	950 – 1,050	9.3 – 10.3	59 – 66	Granular base sealing
Seal Coat (surface dressing)	2,200 – 2,400	21.6 – 23.5	137 – 150	Surface protection

Material	Unit Weight (kg/m³)	kN/m³	lb/ft³	Notes
Teak wood	600 – 900	5.9 – 8.8	37 – 56	High-quality timber
Sal wood	900 – 1,100	8.8 – 10.8	56 – 69	Structural timber
Hardwood (average)	700 – 1,000	6.9 – 9.8	44 – 62	General structural
Softwood (average)	400 – 700	3.9 – 6.9	25 – 44	Formwork, framing
Plywood	500 – 700	4.9 – 6.9	31 – 44	Formwork, sheathing
Particle board	600 – 750	5.9 – 7.4	37 – 47	Furniture, partitions
MDF (Medium Density Fibreboard)	650 – 800	6.4 – 7.8	41 – 50	Interior fittings
Bamboo	600 – 800	5.9 – 7.8	37 – 50	Scaffolding, temporary
PVC	1,300 – 1,450	12.7 – 14.2	81 – 90	Pipes, conduits
HDPE	940 – 970	9.2 – 9.5	59 – 61	Pipes, geomembranes
LDPE	910 – 940	8.9 – 9.2	57 – 59	Membranes, sheets
Polycarbonate	1,200	11.8	75	Roofing, glazing
Acrylic (PMMA)	1,180 – 1,200	11.6 – 11.8	74 – 75	Signage, glazing
Polystyrene (solid)	1,050 – 1,200	10.3 – 11.8	66 – 75	Insulation boards
Polyurethane foam	30 – 50	0.3 – 0.5	2 – 3	Thermal insulation
Fibreglass (GRP)	1,500 – 2,000	14.7 – 19.6	94 – 125	Tanks, cladding
Carbon Fibre Composite	1,500 – 1,700	14.7 – 16.7	94 – 106	High-strength repair
Rubber (natural)	910 – 930	8.9 – 9.1	57 – 58	Bearings, seals
Rubber (synthetic)	1,100 – 1,300	10.8 – 12.7	69 – 81	Industrial applications
Cork	160 – 260	1.6 – 2.5	10 – 16	Insulation, expansion
Water (fresh)	1,000	9.81	62.4	Reference
Sea water	1,020 – 1,030	10.0 – 10.1	64 – 64.3	Marine structures
Ice	910 – 920	8.9 – 9.0	57 – 57.4	Cold region design
Snow (fresh)	50 – 150	0.5 – 1.5	3 – 9	Roof load
Snow (compacted)	300 – 500	2.9 – 4.9	19 – 31	Roof load

Material Weight Calculator

Interactive

Select Material

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Or enter custom density (kg/m³)

Weight

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Soil Mechanics — Laboratory Testing Parameters

LL Liquid Limit (LL)

Water content at which soil changes from plastic to liquid state. Casagrande apparatus or cone penetrometer.

LL = (w at 25 blows) × correction factor

Typical: 20–90%ASTM D4318BS 1377-2

PL Plastic Limit (PL)

Water content at which a soil thread just crumbles when rolled to 3 mm diameter.

PL = water content at crumble point

Typical: 10–35%ASTM D4318BS 1377-2

PI Plasticity Index (PI)

Range of water content over which soil remains plastic. Higher PI = more clay, more compressibility.

PI = LL − PL

Non-plastic: 0Low: <7High: >17

SL Shrinkage Limit (SL)

Water content below which further loss of water does not cause volume reduction.

SL = w − (V − Vd)/Vd × ρw

Typical: 6–20%ASTM D4943

γ Unit Weight

Weight per unit volume of soil. Critical for bearing capacity and settlement calculations.

γ = W / V (kN/m³)

Typical: 16–22 kN/m³γsat: 18–23γd: 13–19

Gs Specific Gravity

Ratio of mass of soil solids to mass of equal volume of water at 4°C.

Gs = ρs / ρw

Sand: 2.65–2.67Clay: 2.70–2.80Organic: <2.0

e Void Ratio

Ratio of volume of voids to volume of solids. Higher e = more compressible soil.

e = Vv / Vs = (Gs·ρw / ρd) − 1

Sand: 0.5–0.8Clay: 0.7–1.5Peat: >3

n Porosity

Ratio of volume of voids to total volume, expressed as percentage.

n = e / (1 + e) × 100%

Sand: 30–45%Clay: 40–60%

S Degree of Saturation

Percentage of void space filled with water.

S = (w·Gs / e) × 100%

Dry: 0%Partial: 0–100%Fully saturated: 100%

w Water Content (Moisture)

Ratio of mass of water to mass of dry soil solids.

w = (Ww / Ws) × 100%

ASTM D2216BS 1377-2Oven: 105–110°C

MDD Maximum Dry Density

Highest dry density achievable by compaction at optimum moisture content.

ρd(max) = MDD (from Proctor / modified Proctor)

Light: 1.62.0 t/m³Heavy: 1.8–2.2ASTM D698 / D1557

OMC Optimum Moisture Content

Water content at which soil can be compacted to maximum dry density.

From Proctor compaction curve (peak point)

Typical: 8–18%Sandy soils: lowerClayey soils: higher

k Permeability

Measure of how easily water flows through soil. Critical for drainage, seepage and dewatering.

k = Q·L / (A·h·t) (constant head)

Gravel: >10⁻¹ m/sSand: 10⁻²–10⁻⁵Clay: <10⁻⁸

cu Undrained Shear Strength

Shear strength of soil under undrained conditions (no pore pressure dissipation).

cu = qu / 2 (unconfined compression)

Soft clay: <25 kPaStiff clay: 50–100Hard clay: >200

Cc Compression Index

Slope of virgin compression curve on e-log σ' plot. Indicates settlement potential.

Cc = Δe / Δlog σ'v

Low: <0.2Medium: 0.2–0.4High: >0.4

Cu Uniformity Coefficient

Measure of grain-size distribution. Higher = more well-graded soil.

Cu = D60 / D10

Uniform: <2Well-graded: >4 (gravel) / >6 (sand)

Atterberg Limits — Soil Classification Table

Soil Type	Liquid Limit (%)	Plastic Limit (%)	Plasticity Index	USCS Symbol
Lean clay	30–50	15–25	10–25	CL
Fat clay	>50	>25	>25	CH
Silty clay	30–40	15–20	10–20	CL-ML
Silt (low plasticity)	25–35	10–20	<7	ML
Silt (high plasticity)	>50	>25	>7	MH
Organic clay	>50	>25	variable	OH
Poorly graded sand	—	—	Non-plastic	SP
Well-graded sand	—	—	Non-plastic	SW
Well-graded gravel	—	—	Non-plastic	GW

Concrete Mix Design Dashboard (ACI 211 / ASTM C94)

Interactive mix design for concrete classes C10 to C60. Based on ACI 211.1 and ASTM C94 absolute volume method. Adjust inputs and click "Calculate Mix" to get proportions per m³.

Design Inputs

Concrete Class (fck)

Exposure Condition

Max Aggregate Size (mm)

Slump Required (mm)

Fine Aggregate Fineness Modulus (FM)

Typical: 2.5–3.1. Lower = finer sand.

Coarse Aggregate Bulk SG (SSD)

Fine Aggregate Bulk SG (SSD)

Cement Specific Gravity

Coarse Aggregate Moisture (%)

Fine Aggregate Moisture (%)

Air Content (%)

Non-air-entrained: 1.5–3%. Air-entrained: 4–8%.

Admixture

Mix Design Results (per m³)

Click "Calculate Mix" to generate proportions.

Concrete Grade Reference

Grade	fck (MPa)	Cube (MPa)	Cylinder (MPa)	Typical w/c	Min Cement (kg/m³)	Typical Use
C10 / M15	10	15	12	0.75–0.90	220–250	Blinding, mass concrete
C15 / M20	15	20	16	0.65–0.75	250–300	Footings, pavements
C20 / M25	20	25	20	0.55–0.65	300–350	Slabs, beams, columns
C25 / M30	25	30	25	0.50–0.60	320–380	General RC structures
C30 / M35	30	35	30	0.45–0.55	350–420	Heavy-duty floors, bridges
C35 / M40	35	40	35	0.40–0.50	380–450	High-rise, marine
C40 / M45	40	45	40	0.38–0.48	400–480	Prestressed, columns
C45 / M50	45	50	45	0.35–0.45	420–500	High-strength RC
C50 / M55	50	55	50	0.32–0.42	450–530	Special structures
C60 / M70	60	70	60	0.28–0.38	480–550+	High-performance concrete

Asphalt Marshall Mix Design Dashboard (MS-2)

Interactive Marshall mix design following ASTM D1559 / AASHTO T245 (MS-2 method). Input aggregate properties and asphalt grade to determine optimum binder content, stability, flow, VMA and VFB.

Marshall Inputs

Traffic Category

Bitumen Grade (Penetration)

Bitumen Specific Gravity (Gb)

Coarse Aggregate (% by weight)

Fine Aggregate (% by weight)

Filler (% by weight)

Coarse Aggregate Bulk SG (Gca)

Fine Aggregate Bulk SG (Gfa)

Filler SG (Gf)

Aggregate Water Absorption (%)

Mixing Temperature (°C)

Typically 150–170°C for 60/70 grade.

Compaction Temperature (°C)

Number of Blows (each face)

Marshall Mix Design Results

Click "Calculate Marshall Mix" to generate the design.

Marshall Mix Design — Specification Limits (MS-2)

Parameter	Light Traffic	Medium Traffic	Heavy Traffic	Very Heavy
Stability (min, kN)	3.4	5.5	8.0	10.0+
Flow (mm)	8–18	8–16	8–14	8–12
Air Voids VIM (%)	3–5	3–5	3–4	3–4
VMA (min, %)	14	15	16	17
VFB (%)	65–80	65–78	65–75	65–72
Marshall Quotient (kN/mm)	2–4	2–5	3–6	4–7
Retained Stability (%)	>75	>75	>80	>80

Asphalt Binder Selection Guide

Climate / Traffic	Light Traffic	Medium Traffic	Heavy Traffic
Cold climate (<10°C avg)	120/150 or 80/100	80/100	60/70 or modified
Moderate climate (10–30°C)	80/100	60/70	60/70 or 40/50
Hot climate (>30°C)	60/70	40/50 or 30/40	30/40 or polymer-modified
Rainy / high water table	80/100 + antistrip	60/70 + antistrip	PMB / CRMB

Quick Reference — Common Conversion Factors

Length

1 m = 3.28084 ft

1 m3.28084 ft / 39.3701 in / 1.09361 yd

1 ft0.3048 m / 304.8 mm / 12 in

1 in25.4 mm / 2.54 cm

1 km0.621371 mi / 3280.84 ft

1 mile1.60934 km / 5280 ft

1 yd0.9144 m / 3 ft

1 chain20.1168 m / 66 ft

1 rod5.0292 m / 16.5 ft

Area

1 ha = 2.471 acre

1 m²10.7639 ft² / 1550 in²

1 ft²0.092903 m² / 144 in²

1 acre4046.86 m² / 0.404686 ha / 43560 ft²

1 ha10000 m² / 2.471 acre

1 km²100 ha / 247.1 acre

1 Katha (BD)66.89 m² / 720 ft²

1 Shotangsho4.05 m² / 43.56 ft

1 Bigha (BD)1337.8 m² / 20 Katha

Volume

1 m³ = 1000 L

1 m³1000 L / 35.3147 ft³ / 264.172 US gal

1 ft³0.0283168 m³ / 28.3168 L / 7.4805 gal

1 L0.001 m³ / 1000 cm³ / 0.264172 gal

1 US gal3.78541 L / 0.133681 ft³

1 UK gal4.54609 L / 1.20095 US gal

1 barrel (oil)158.987 L / 42 US gal

1 cc1 mL / 0.001 L

1 yd³0.764555 m³ / 27 ft³

Mass

1 kg = 2.20462 lb

1 kg2.20462 lb / 1000 g / 0.001 t

1 lb0.453592 kg / 453.592 g

1 tonne1000 kg / 2204.62 lb / 1.10231 US ton

1 US ton907.185 kg / 2000 lb

1 UK ton1016.05 kg / 2240 lb

1 oz28.3495 g / 0.0625 lb

1 quintal100 kg

1 carat0.2 g

Pressure / Stress

1 MPa = 145.038 psi

1 MPa145.038 psi / 10.1972 kgf/cm² / 10 bar

1 psi6.89476 kPa / 0.006895 MPa

1 bar100 kPa / 0.1 MPa / 14.5038 psi

1 atm101.325 kPa / 1.01325 bar / 14.696 psi

1 kgf/cm²98.0665 kPa / 0.980665 bar / 14.2233 psi

1 kPa0.145038 psi / 0.01 bar

1 GPa1000 MPa / 145038 psi

1 N/mm²1 MPa

Density / Unit Weight

1 g/cm³ = 1000 kg/m³

1 g/cm³1000 kg/m³ / 62.428 lb/ft³

1 kg/m³0.001 g/cm³ / 0.062428 lb/ft³

1 lb/ft³16.0185 kg/m³

1 t/m³1000 kg/m³ / 9.80665 kN/m³

Water1000 kg/m³ / 1 g/cm³ / 62.4 lb/ft³

Concrete2300–2500 kg/m³

Steel7850 kg/m³

Dry sand1600–1800 kg/m³

Temperature

°C · °F · K

0°C32°F / 273.15 K

20°C68°F / 293.15 K

25°C77°F / 298.15 K

100°C212°F / 373.15 K

0 K−273.15°C / −459.67°F

Formula°F = °C×9/5+32 / K = °C+273.15

Angle & Slope

deg · rad · %

1°0.0174533 rad / 1.745% slope

1 rad57.2958°

1% slope0.573° / 1:100

5% slope2.86° / 1:20

10% slope5.71° / 1:10

45°0.785 rad / 100% slope

1:414.04° / 25%

1:1.533.69° / 66.7%

Length

Area

Volume

Mass / Weight

Force

Pressure / Stress

Density / Unit Weight

Temperature

Construction Material Unit Weights

Building Materials

Concrete & Cement Materials

Steel & Metals

Aggregate, Soil & Filler Materials

Road, Bridge & Pavement Materials

Timber, Plastics & Miscellaneous

Material Weight Calculator

Soil Mechanics — Laboratory Testing Parameters

LL Liquid Limit (LL)

PL Plastic Limit (PL)

PI Plasticity Index (PI)

SL Shrinkage Limit (SL)

γ Unit Weight

Gs Specific Gravity

e Void Ratio

n Porosity

S Degree of Saturation

w Water Content (Moisture)

MDD Maximum Dry Density

OMC Optimum Moisture Content

k Permeability

cu Undrained Shear Strength

Cc Compression Index

Cu Uniformity Coefficient

Atterberg Limits — Soil Classification Table

Concrete Mix Design Dashboard (ACI 211 / ASTM C94)

Design Inputs

Mix Design Results (per m³)

Mix Proportions (by weight)

Adjusted for Moisture (batch weights)

Design Notes

Expected 28-Day Strength

Concrete Grade Reference

Asphalt Marshall Mix Design Dashboard (MS-2)

Marshall Inputs

Marshall Mix Design Results

Marshall Quotient (Stability/Flow)

Mix Composition at OBC (per 100 kg total mix)

Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity (Gmm)

Bulk Specific Gravity of Mix (Gmb)

Air Voids (VIM) Formula Check

Specification Compliance

Design Recommendations

Marshall Mix Design — Specification Limits (MS-2)

Asphalt Binder Selection Guide

Quick Reference — Common Conversion Factors

Length

Area

Volume

Mass

Pressure / Stress

Density / Unit Weight

Temperature

Angle & Slope